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Fundamental Particles and Interactions
Fundamental Particles and Interactions
What are the most fundamental constituents of matter?
Are quarks and leptons truly elementary, or do they have substructure?
Why are there exactly three generations of quarks and leptons?
Why do particles have the masses they do?
What determines the values of particle charges and coupling constants?
Are there new fundamental forces beyond the four known interactions?
Can all fundamental forces be unified into a single framework?
Standard Model
Standard Model
Why does the Standard Model work so well experimentally?
What are the limitations of the Standard Model?
Why does the Standard Model contain so many free parameters?
Is the Higgs boson exactly the particle predicted by the Standard Model?
Does the Higgs boson have hidden or exotic decay modes?
Is the Higgs field connected to deeper physics?
Is electroweak symmetry breaking fully explained by the Higgs mechanism?
Higgs Physics
Higgs Physics
Why is the Higgs boson mass about 125 GeV?
Is the Higgs boson elementary or composite?
Does the Higgs boson couple to dark matter?
Does the Higgs boson interact with itself as predicted?
What is the Higgs self-coupling?
Is the Higgs potential stable at very high energies?
Could the Higgs field have played a role in cosmic inflation?
Neutrino Physics
Neutrino Physics
What are the exact masses of neutrinos?
What is the ordering of neutrino masses: normal or inverted hierarchy?
Are neutrinos Dirac or Majorana particles?
Do neutrinos violate CP symmetry?
Why are neutrino masses so small compared with other fermions?
Are there sterile neutrinos?
Can neutrinos explain the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe?
What is the absolute neutrino mass scale?
Does neutrinoless double beta decay occur?
Are neutrino oscillation parameters fully understood?
Do neutrinos have non-standard interactions?
Matter–Antimatter Asymmetry
Matter–Antimatter Asymmetry
Why is the universe made mostly of matter rather than antimatter?
Is CP violation in the Standard Model sufficient to explain baryogenesis?
Are there new sources of CP violation?
Did leptogenesis occur in the early universe?
Can neutrino physics explain the matter excess?
Are baryon number and lepton number conserved?
Can protons decay?
What mechanism generated the baryon asymmetry of the universe?
Dark Matter
Dark Matter
What is dark matter made of?
Is dark matter a new elementary particle?
Does dark matter interact through forces other than gravity?
Is dark matter related to supersymmetry?
Are WIMPs real?
Are axions or axion-like particles dark matter candidates?
Could sterile neutrinos be dark matter?
Is dark matter produced thermally or non-thermally?
Can dark matter be detected directly in underground experiments?
Can colliders produce dark matter particles?
Physics Beyond the Standard Model
Physics Beyond the Standard Model
Does supersymmetry exist?
Are there extra spatial dimensions?
Is there a grand unified theory?
Do leptoquarks exist?
Are there heavy neutral gauge bosons, such as Z′ bosons?
Are there heavy charged gauge bosons, such as W′ bosons?
Are there vector-like fermions?
Are there new scalar particles beyond the Higgs boson?
Is there a hidden sector of particles?
Are there long-lived exotic particles?
Quantum Chromodynamics and Strong Interaction
Quantum Chromodynamics and Strong Interaction
How does confinement arise from QCD?
Why are quarks never observed freely?
What is the internal structure of protons and neutrons?
How do gluons contribute to proton mass?
What is the spin structure of the proton?
What is the role of sea quarks in hadron structure?
Are there exotic hadrons such as tetraquarks, pentaquarks, or glueballs?
What are the properties of quark–gluon plasma?
How does matter behave at extremely high temperature and density?
What is the QCD phase diagram?
Flavor Physics
Flavor Physics
Why do quarks mix through the CKM matrix?
Why do neutrinos mix through the PMNS matrix?
Why is lepton mixing so different from quark mixing?
Are there violations of lepton flavor universality?
Do charged leptons undergo flavor-violating decays?
Can rare B-meson decays reveal new physics?
Are there anomalies in flavor physics?
What explains the hierarchy of fermion masses?
Is flavor symmetry a fundamental principle?
Are rare kaon decays consistent with the Standard Model?
Collider Physics
Collider Physics
Are there new particles at the TeV energy scale?
What can the Large Hadron Collider reveal beyond the Standard Model?
What physics requires a future collider?
Should future experiments focus on energy, intensity, or precision?
Can future colliders measure the Higgs self-coupling precisely?
Can colliders discover dark matter mediators?
Are there hidden particles with displaced decay signatures?
What signals would reveal extra dimensions at colliders?
How can machine learning improve particle reconstruction?
What detector technologies are needed for future high-energy physics?
Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology Connections
Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology Connections
What is the particle nature of dark matter?
What caused cosmic inflation?
Is dark energy related to particle physics?
Did phase transitions occur in the early universe?
Could particle physics produce observable gravitational waves?
Are cosmic rays produced by new particle processes?
What are the origins of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays?
Can neutrino astronomy reveal new particle physics?
Are primordial black holes connected to particle physics?
Is there evidence of new physics in astrophysical observations?
Quantum Foundations and Field Theory
Quantum Foundations and Field Theory
What is the deeper meaning of quantum fields?
Are particles fundamental objects or excitations of fields?
How does quantum field theory merge with gravity?
Is spacetime emergent from quantum information?
Can quantum gravity be tested experimentally?
What happens to quantum fields near black holes?
Is unitarity preserved in black hole evaporation?
Are there observable effects of Planck-scale physics?
What is the role of symmetry in fundamental physics?
Are there deeper mathematical structures underlying particle physics?
Precision Measurements
Precision Measurements
Is the muon anomalous magnetic moment evidence of new physics?
Does the electron electric dipole moment exist?
Do fundamental constants vary over time?
Are there tiny violations of Lorentz invariance?
Are weak interaction parameters exactly as predicted?
Can atomic, nuclear, and particle experiments detect new forces?
Are there deviations in precision electroweak observables?
Can precision experiments reveal particles too heavy for colliders?
Are there fifth-force interactions?
Can quantum sensors detect ultralight dark matter?
Grand Unification and Quantum Gravity
Grand Unification and Quantum Gravity
Do the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces unify at high energy?
Is proton decay possible?
What is the unification scale?
Is supersymmetry required for grand unification?
Can string theory make testable predictions?
Are there magnetic monopoles?
Is gravity quantized?
What is the graviton?
How can particle physics be reconciled with general relativity?
Is there a final theory of fundamental interactions?
Experimental and Detector Questions
Experimental and Detector Questions
How can detectors achieve higher energy resolution?
How can backgrounds be reduced in rare-event searches?
What detector materials are best for dark matter detection?
How can neutrino detectors be scaled to megaton size?
How can timing detectors improve event reconstruction?
What are the limits of silicon tracking detectors?
Can quantum detectors transform particle physics?
How can radiation damage in detectors be minimized?
What are the best strategies for high-luminosity collider experiments?
How can AI improve trigger systems and data analysis?
Short Core List of the Biggest Open Questions
Short Core List of the Biggest Open Questions
What is dark matter?
Why do neutrinos have mass?
Are neutrinos Majorana particles?
Why is there more matter than antimatter?
Is the Higgs boson natural?
Are there new particles beyond the Standard Model?
Can forces be unified?
Does proton decay occur?
What is the origin of fermion masses and mixing?
How can quantum mechanics and gravity be unified?
Research-questions list for Neutrino Physics:
A. Fundamental Neutrino Properties
A. Fundamental Neutrino Properties
What is the absolute neutrino mass scale?
What is the neutrino mass ordering: normal or inverted?
Are neutrinos Dirac particles or Majorana particles?
Do neutrinos violate lepton number conservation?
What are the exact values of the three neutrino masses?
Why are neutrino masses so much smaller than charged-lepton and quark masses?
Is the neutrino mass generated by a seesaw mechanism or another mechanism?
Are there additional hidden neutrino states beyond the three known active neutrinos?
B. Neutrino Oscillation Physics
B. Neutrino Oscillation Physics
What are the most precise values of the mixing angles θ₁₂, θ₂₃, and θ₁₃?
Is θ₂₃ exactly 45°, or is it in the lower or upper octant?
What is the value of the CP-violating phase δCP?
Do neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate differently?
Is there CP violation in the lepton sector?
Can neutrino oscillations explain the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe?
Are there deviations from the standard three-flavor oscillation model?
Do neutrino oscillations show signs of new physics at short baselines?
C. Sterile Neutrinos and Beyond Standard Model Physics
C. Sterile Neutrinos and Beyond Standard Model Physics
Do sterile neutrinos exist?
If sterile neutrinos exist, what are their masses and mixing angles?
Could sterile neutrinos be dark matter candidates?
Are short-baseline anomalies caused by sterile neutrinos or experimental/systematic effects?
Do neutrinos have non-standard interactions with matter?
Are there new forces coupled only weakly to neutrinos?
Do neutrinos violate CPT symmetry?
Do neutrinos decay?
What is the neutrino lifetime?
Do neutrinos have magnetic moments larger than Standard Model predictions?
Can neutrinos interact with dark matter or dark energy?
D. Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay
D. Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay
Does neutrinoless double-beta decay occur?
What is the effective Majorana mass of the electron neutrino?
Which isotopes are best for neutrinoless double-beta decay searches?
How can nuclear matrix element uncertainties be reduced?
What background-reduction methods are needed for next-generation detectors?
If neutrinoless double-beta decay is observed, what does it imply about lepton-number violation?
E. Cosmology and Astrophysics
E. Cosmology and Astrophysics
What is the total sum of neutrino masses from cosmology?
How did neutrinos affect the formation of large-scale cosmic structure?
Are there extra relativistic neutrino-like particles in the early universe?
What role did neutrinos play in Big Bang nucleosynthesis?
Can neutrino physics explain baryogenesis through leptogenesis?
Are cosmic neutrinos connected to dark matter?
Can the cosmic neutrino background be detected directly?
F. Solar, Atmospheric, and Reactor Neutrinos
F. Solar, Atmospheric, and Reactor Neutrinos
Are solar neutrino fluxes fully consistent with solar models?
What can solar neutrinos tell us about the solar core metallicity problem?
How precisely can reactor neutrinos measure θ₁₂, θ₁₃, and mass ordering?
What causes the reactor antineutrino flux and spectrum anomalies?
How accurately can atmospheric neutrinos measure mass ordering?
Can geoneutrinos map Earth’s internal radioactivity?
What can neutrinos reveal about Earth’s mantle and core composition?
G. Supernova and High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos
G. Supernova and High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos
How do neutrinos drive core-collapse supernova explosions?
What is the neutrino signal expected from the next nearby supernova?
How do neutrino flavor conversions occur in dense supernova matter?
What is the diffuse supernova neutrino background?
What are the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrinos?
Are high-energy astrophysical neutrinos produced by blazars, gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, or other sources?
Can neutrinos identify the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays?
What can KM3NeT, IceCube-Gen2, Baikal-GVD, and P-ONE reveal about cosmic neutrino sources?
H. Experimental and Detector Questions
H. Experimental and Detector Questions
How can neutrino detector energy resolution be improved?
How can background noise be reduced in large underground detectors?
What detector technologies are best for next-generation neutrino experiments?
How can liquid argon time projection chambers be scaled up reliably?
How can water Cherenkov detectors improve particle identification?
How can machine learning improve neutrino event reconstruction?
How can systematic uncertainties in neutrino cross-section measurements be reduced?
What are the best target materials for precision neutrino scattering experiments?
I. Neutrino Cross Sections and Nuclear Effects
I. Neutrino Cross Sections and Nuclear Effects
How do neutrinos interact with complex nuclei?
How accurately can neutrino–nucleus cross sections be modeled?
What role do nuclear correlations play in neutrino scattering?
How do final-state interactions affect neutrino event reconstruction?
Can electron scattering data improve neutrino interaction models?
How do cross-section uncertainties affect CP-violation measurements?
J. Applied and Interdisciplinary Neutrino Research
J. Applied and Interdisciplinary Neutrino Research
Can neutrinos be used for nuclear reactor monitoring?
Can neutrino detectors improve nuclear non-proliferation verification?
Can geoneutrinos improve models of Earth’s radiogenic heat?
Can neutrinos be used for tomography of Earth’s interior?
Can neutrino technologies contribute to medical imaging, radiation detection, or security scanning?
Can compact neutrino detectors be developed for field applications?
K. Big Conceptual Questions
K. Big Conceptual Questions
Why is neutrino mixing so different from quark mixing?
Are neutrinos connected to grand unified theories?
Are neutrinos connected to supersymmetry, extra dimensions, or string-inspired models?
Are neutrinos the key to physics beyond the Standard Model?
Can neutrino physics explain why the universe contains more matter than antimatter?
Major open questions emphasized in recent neutrino-theory reviews include mass ordering, θ₂₃ octant, leptonic CP violation, absolute mass scale, sterile neutrinos, Dirac vs Majorana nature, neutrino decay, non-standard interactions, leptogenesis, and links to dark matter.
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