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1. Fundamental Particle Physics

Measurement of neutrino oscillations
Determination of neutrino mixing angles
Measurement of neutrino mass-squared differences
Determination of the neutrino mass ordering
Search for CP violation in the lepton sector
Tests of the three-flavour neutrino model
Measurement of absolute neutrino mass
Search for Majorana neutrinos
Search for neutrinoless double-beta decay
Search for sterile neutrinos
Search for heavy neutral leptons
Tests of lepton-number violation
Tests of lepton-flavour violation
Measurement of neutrino interaction cross-sections
Tests of electroweak theory
Tests of Lorentz and CPT symmetry
Search for non-standard neutrino interactions
Search for neutrino magnetic moments
Search for neutrino decay
Tests of quantum coherence and quantum mechanics

2. Solar Physics

Direct study of nuclear fusion inside the Sun
Measurement of the proton–proton fusion chain
Study of the CNO fusion cycle
Determination of the solar core temperature
Measurement of the solar energy-production rate
Study of solar metallicity
Testing standard solar models
Monitoring long-term changes in solar neutrino emission
Studying matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations in the Sun
Searching for unexpected energy-generation processes in the Sun

3. Stellar Astrophysics

Investigation of stellar nuclear reactions
Study of late-stage stellar evolution
Measurement of neutrino cooling in stars
Study of white-dwarf cooling
Study of neutron-star formation
Investigation of compact stellar remnants
Testing models of massive-star collapse
Studying neutrino production in binary-star systems
Constraining exotic stellar energy-loss mechanisms
Searching for weakly interacting particles through stellar cooling

4. Supernova Physics

Early warning of nearby supernova explosions
Investigation of core-collapse supernova mechanisms
Study of shock-wave propagation inside supernovae
Observation of proto-neutron-star cooling
Measurement of neutrino flavour evolution in dense matter
Study of collective neutrino oscillations
Determination of supernova explosion energetics
Investigation of black-hole formation after stellar collapse
Measurement of supernova distance using neutrino signals
Testing neutrino properties over astronomical distances

5. Neutrino Astronomy

Identification of cosmic particle accelerators
Observation of active galactic nuclei
Study of blazars
Investigation of gamma-ray bursts
Study of tidal disruption events
Observation of microquasars
Investigation of starburst galaxies
Study of supernova remnants
Observation of pulsar-wind nebulae
Investigation of Galactic-plane particle acceleration
Study of the Galactic Centre
Search for hidden cosmic-ray accelerators
Study of sources obscured by gas or dust
Mapping the high-energy neutrino sky
Determining the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays

6. Multimessenger Astronomy

Combined analysis of neutrinos and electromagnetic radiation
Combined analysis of neutrinos and gravitational waves
Combined analysis of neutrinos and cosmic rays
Identification of transient astrophysical events
Rapid follow-up observations of neutrino alerts
Study of neutron-star mergers
Study of black-hole mergers with possible matter environments
Investigation of jets from compact objects
Testing common-source models for photons, neutrinos and cosmic rays
Locating otherwise invisible astrophysical explosions

7. Cosmology

Measurement of the cosmological neutrino-mass sum
Study of neutrino effects on large-scale structure
Investigation of galaxy-formation processes
Study of the cosmic microwave background
Measurement of the effective number of neutrino species
Testing Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Study of relic neutrinos from the early Universe
Search for the cosmic neutrino background
Investigation of neutrino free-streaming
Constraining non-standard cosmological models
Testing dark-radiation models
Studying neutrino effects on structure growth
Constraining interactions between neutrinos and dark matter

8. Earth Science and Geophysics

Detection of geoneutrinos from radioactive decay inside Earth
Estimation of radiogenic heat production
Study of uranium distribution inside Earth
Study of thorium distribution inside Earth
Investigation of potassium-40 contributions to terrestrial heat
Testing models of Earth’s mantle composition
Studying the crust–mantle distribution of radioactive elements
Constraining the thermal evolution of Earth
Investigating mantle convection
Studying Earth’s internal energy budget
Testing models of the hypothetical natural nuclear reactor in Earth
Comparison of geological structures using regional geoneutrino measurements

9. Planetary Science

Estimation of radioactive heat inside the Moon
Investigation of the internal composition of Mars
Study of radioactive-element distributions in planetary bodies
Investigation of planetary thermal evolution
Neutrino-based studies of icy moons
Testing models of planetary differentiation
Remote study of dense planetary interiors
Future neutrino tomography of planets and moons

10. Earth Tomography

Measurement of Earth’s average density along neutrino paths
Study of the mantle density profile
Investigation of the core–mantle boundary
Measurement of the density of Earth’s core
Testing seismic models using neutrino absorption
Search for large-scale density anomalies inside Earth
Neutrino oscillation tomography of Earth
High-energy neutrino absorption tomography
Study of the composition dependence of neutrino propagation

11. Nuclear-Reactor Monitoring

Measurement of reactor antineutrino flux
Determination of reactor thermal power
Monitoring reactor operating status
Detection of reactor startup and shutdown
Monitoring nuclear-fuel evolution
Estimation of uranium-235 consumption
Estimation of plutonium-239 production
Verification of declared reactor operations
Remote monitoring of nuclear reactors
Detection of undeclared reactor activity
Supporting nuclear safeguards
Monitoring small modular reactors
Studying reactor antineutrino anomalies
Improving reactor-flux models
Investigation of spent nuclear fuel

12. Nuclear Security and Non-Proliferation

Verification of nuclear non-proliferation agreements
Detection of unauthorized plutonium production
Monitoring nuclear fuel cycles
Independent verification of reactor declarations
Long-range detection of nuclear-reactor activity
Monitoring reactors without entering restricted facilities
Detection of changes in reactor fuel composition
Support for international nuclear safeguards
Verification of reactor dismantlement
Monitoring shutdown nuclear facilities

13. Nuclear-Explosion Monitoring

Detection of antineutrinos from nuclear explosions
Independent verification of nuclear-test treaties
Estimation of nuclear-explosion yield
Distinguishing nuclear explosions from conventional explosions
Remote monitoring of underground nuclear tests
Global nuclear-test surveillance using large detectors

14. Accelerator Physics

Characterization of accelerator-produced neutrino beams
Testing beam-focusing systems
Measurement of pion and kaon decay products
Study of neutrino production from particle accelerators
Calibration of long-baseline neutrino experiments
Development of neutrino factories
Development of muon-storage-ring neutrino sources
Testing high-intensity proton-beam facilities
Measuring beam composition and contamination

15. Nuclear and Hadronic Physics

Study of nuclear structure through neutrino scattering
Investigation of nucleon form factors
Study of quasielastic neutrino interactions
Investigation of resonance production
Study of deep-inelastic neutrino scattering
Measurement of strange-quark contributions to nucleons
Investigation of nuclear-medium effects
Study of multinucleon interactions
Testing nuclear models used in oscillation experiments
Measurement of coherent neutrino–nucleus scattering
Study of neutron distributions inside nuclei

16. Dark-Matter Research

Search for neutrinos from dark-matter annihilation in the Sun
Search for dark-matter annihilation in Earth
Search for dark-matter signals from the Galactic Centre
Search for dark-matter decay in galaxies
Indirect detection of weakly interacting massive particles
Constraints on dark-matter capture by stars
Search for boosted dark matter
Investigation of dark-sector particles
Search for neutrino–dark-matter interactions
Measurement of neutrino backgrounds in dark-matter detectors

17. Searches for New Physics

Search for axions or axion-like particles through neutrino experiments
Search for dark photons
Search for millicharged particles
Search for light mediators
Search for extra dimensions
Search for quantum-gravity effects
Search for neutrino self-interactions
Search for neutrino portals to hidden sectors
Search for exotic particle decays producing neutrinos
Tests of equivalence-principle violation
Tests of neutrino gravitational interactions
Search for anomalous neutrino propagation

18. Medical and Biological Applications

Measurement of neutrino backgrounds in radiation-sensitive experiments
Investigation of neutrino interactions with biological matter
Assessment of radiation exposure near intense neutrino facilities
Development of detector technologies transferable to medical imaging
Application of photodetectors developed for neutrino experiments
Application of scintillators in medical-imaging systems
Use of neutrino-detector electronics in radiation diagnostics
Improvement of low-background counting for biomedical research

19. Detector-Technology Applications

Development of ultra-sensitive photomultiplier systems
Development of silicon photomultipliers
Improvement of liquid-scintillator technology
Development of liquid-argon time-projection chambers
Advancement of cryogenic detector systems
Development of low-noise electronics
Improvement of fast timing detectors
Development of radiation-hard instrumentation
Advancement of large-volume water-Cherenkov detectors
Development of underwater and under-ice sensor networks
Improvement of wavelength-shifting materials
Development of high-purity detector materials

20. Computing and Data-Science Applications

Development of large-scale Monte Carlo simulations
Machine-learning classification of particle events
Real-time identification of astrophysical neutrinos
Reconstruction of particle energy and direction
Background rejection using artificial intelligence
Distributed computing for large physics datasets
Development of automated alert systems
Bayesian parameter estimation
Development of uncertainty-quantification methods
Application of deep learning to detector calibration
Anomaly detection for new-physics searches
Digital-twin modelling of large detectors

21. Communication Applications

Experimental communication through dense matter
Communication through oceans or polar ice
Communication with deeply submerged platforms
Communication through Earth over long baselines
Secure directional signalling using neutrino beams
Communication with underground facilities

22. Navigation and Positioning

Conceptual neutrino-based positioning systems
Navigation of deeply submerged vehicles
Positioning in environments inaccessible to GPS
Underground navigation
Navigation through planetary interiors
Direction finding using artificial neutrino sources

23. Industrial and Engineering Applications

Development of radiation-monitoring instrumentation
Remote monitoring of high-radiation environments
Improvement of cryogenic engineering
Development of ultra-pure water systems
Development of high-voltage systems
Advancement of deep-sea engineering
Improvement of autonomous detector operation
Development of precision timing networks
Environmental monitoring around large scientific facilities
Transfer of particle-detector technology to industry

24. Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring radioactive contamination near nuclear facilities
Distinguishing reactor neutrinos from natural geoneutrino backgrounds
Studying environmental backgrounds affecting radiation detectors
Long-term monitoring of underground radiation conditions
Oceanographic measurements associated with underwater neutrino telescopes
Monitoring deep-sea temperature, pressure and salinity
Observation of marine bioluminescence
Monitoring seismic and acoustic activity with neutrino-observatory infrastructure